Section 2 in THE BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023 – BSA

Definitions.

  1. (1) In this Adhiniyam, unless the context otherwise requires,—
    (a) “Court” includes all Judges and Magistrates, and all persons, except
    arbitrators, legally authorised to take evidence;
    (b) “conclusive proof” means when one fact is declared by this Adhiniyam to
    be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the
    other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving
    it;
    (c) “disproved” in relation to a fact, means when, after considering the matters
    before it, the Court either believes that it does not exist, or considers its non-existence
    so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case,
    to act upon the supposition that it does not exist;
    (d) “document” means any matter expressed or described or otherwise recorded
    upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or any other means or by
    more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the
    purpose of recording that matter and includes electronic and digital records.
    Illustrations.
    (i) A writing is a document.
    (ii) Words printed, lithographed or photographed are documents.
    (iii) A map or plan is a document.
    (iv) An inscription on a metal plate or stone is a document.
    (v) A caricature is a document.
    (vi) An electronic record on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptop
    or smartphone, messages, websites, locational evidence and voice mail messages
    stored on digital devices are documents;
    (e) “evidence” means and includes—
    (i) all statements including statements given electronically which the
    Court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses in relation to matters
    of fact under inquiry and such statements are called oral evidence;
    (ii) all documents including electronic or digital records produced for the
    inspection of the Court and such documents are called documentary evidence;
    (f) “fact” means and includes—
    (i) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being
    perceived by the senses;
    (ii) any mental condition of which any person is conscious.
    Illustrations.
    (i) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is
    a fact.
    (ii) That a person heard or saw something, is a fact.
    (iii) That a person said certain words, is a fact.
    (iv) That a person holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good
    faith, or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a
    specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact;
    (g) “facts in issue” means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or
    in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any
    right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily
    follows.
    Explanation.—Whenever, under the provisions of the law for the time being
    in force relating to civil procedure, any Court records an issue of fact, the fact to be
    asserted or denied in the answer to such issue is a fact in issue.
    Illustrations.
    A is accused of the murder of B. At his trial, the following facts may be in issue:—
    (i) That A caused B’s death.
    (ii) That A intended to cause B’s death.
    (iii) That A had received grave and sudden provocation from B.
    (iv) That A, at the time of doing the act which caused B’s death, was, by reason
    of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing its nature;
    (h) “may presume”.—Whenever it is provided by this Adhiniyam that the Court
    may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is
    disproved or may call for proof of it;
    (i) “not proved”.—A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor
    disproved;
    (j) “proved”.—A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters
    before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable
    that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon
    the supposition that it exists;
    (k) “relevant”.—A fact is said to be relevant to another when it is connected
    with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Adhiniyam
    relating to the relevancy of facts;
    (l) “shall presume”.—Whenever it is directed by this Adhiniyam that the
    Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is
    disproved.
    (2) Words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Information
    Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya
    Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 shall have the same meanings as assigned to them in the said Act and
    Sanhitas.